Growth and Development Between Ages 15 and 18 - What to Expect?

John McCallum Formula

The body weight formula was developed by John McCallum, a sports expert and writer. Among athletes, this formula is recognized as the best. It should be determined by the volume of the wrist.

Body parameters according to McCallum:

• chest volume is 6.5*per carpal volume;
• waist circumference – measured chest circumference*0.53;
• hip volume – measured chest volume*0.85;
• hip (leg) volume – measured chest volume*0.53;
• neck volume – measured chest volume*0.37;
• biceps volume – measured chest volume*0.36;
• shin volume – measured chest volume*0.34;
• forearm volume – measured chest volume*0.29.

Child's height and weight by age

From birth to ten years of age, children experience a rapid increase in height. However, if up to 12 months the changes were clearly visible, then the baby grows a little more slowly. This is explained by the fact that metabolism changes, a growing child’s body spends more energy than that of an infant. The baby's diet is higher in calories, but the energy received is quickly consumed. Below, the table of children’s growth by age gives an idea of ​​the norms of physical indicators for children under 10 years of age.

Age tables show that in the period from two to three years the baby continues to grow, but not so quickly. Weight range: 12-14 kg. This is explained by the baby’s great activity and mobility. The change in height is insignificant: it increases by about ten centimeters. Further:

• The age of 4-5 years is characterized by an increase in body weight by a couple of kilograms, deviations from the norm by 2-3 kg are possible.
• At 5 - weight reaches approximately 18 kg, height approximately 109 cm.
• At 6 - weight norm is 18-23.5 kg, height - 112 cm.
• By 7 – the weight will increase by 2-3 kilograms, the height will be approximately 115 cm.

Growth chart

The child's height is presented in the table (girls). Measurements are given in centimeters:

The physical characteristics of boys are higher than those of girls. Height table (in centimeters):

Weight table

A girl's normal body weight varies between 32-47 kg. The table shows the standards by year (in kilograms):

The weight of boys is slightly less than that of girls. Weight table (in kilograms):

Children's height and weight

Possible problems

If a five-year-old child speaks poorly, does not strive for socialization, is withdrawn, has poorly developed coordination of movements, has poor balance, or has serious deviations from the norm in weight or height, you need to contact a specialist. Hyperactivity or, conversely, physical inactivity is also a reason to visit a pediatrician.

A child's development at 5 years old is rapid. Children become stronger physically, more stable emotionally and diversified. They learn writing and reading skills and prepare for school. It is important for parents to support their children at this difficult stage and create favorable conditions for learning.

Photo: ru.freepik.com

Height and weight chart for girls from 1 to 10 years old

The growth of children begins to slow down as soon as the kids turn one, so for children from one to three years old, the norms are no longer determined monthly, but every three months. For children from 3 to 7 years old - once every six months, and for children aged from seven to ten years - the norms change once a year.

By one year and three months, a girl should normally grow to 77.5 cm and weigh 9,600 grams. The lower limits of the norm: 74.83 (height in centimeters) and 8,500 (weight in grams), the upper limits: 80.3 // 10,900.

The next reference point is defined for the age of one year and six months. Norm: 80.65//10.200. Lower limit: 77.7//9.100. Upper: 83.5//11.600.

At one year and nine months, the norms for girls are 83.65//10.900. Lower limit of normal: 80.6//9.600. Upper limit: 86.7//12.300.

By the age of two, girls normally grow to 86.4 cm and weigh 11,500 grams. The lower limit of the norm: 83.2//10.200. Upper limit: 89.6//13.000.

Average height and weight for babies aged 2 years 3 months: 88.3/12.100. Lower limit: 84.8//10.700. Upper limit: 91.7//13.700.

Girls at 2.5 years old should grow to 90.7 cm and weigh 12,700 grams. The lower limit of the norm: 86.9//11.200. Upper frames: 94.3 // weight 14.400.

At 2.9 years, the average values ​​are: 92.9 // 13.300. Lower limits: 89.3//11.700, upper limits: 96.6//weight 15.100.

Three-year-olds should be 95 cm tall and weigh 13,900 grams. Data below 91.3//12.200 are assessed as low, and figures above 98.8//15.800 are assessed as high.

At 3.5 years old, the standards for a girl are: 99//15,000. The lower line is 95//13.100, and the upper line is 103.1//17.200.

Average height and weight for a four-year-old girl: 102.6//16.100. The lower limits of the norm: 98.4//14.000, and the upper limits of height and weight: 107.1//18.500.

At 4.5 years old, the standards for a girl are: 106.2//17.200. Lower limits: 101.6//14.900, and upper limits: 110.7//19.900.

Average height and weight for a five-year-old girl: 109.4//18.200. The lower limits of the norm: 104.7 // 15.800, and the upper ones: 114.2 // 21.200.

At 5.5 years old, girls should grow to 112.2 cm and weigh 19,000 grams. Parameters less than 107.2 // 16.600 are considered low, and indicators more than 117.1 // 22.200 are considered high.

Standards for six-year-olds: 115.1//20.200. Lower limits: 110//17.500. Upper – 120.2//23.500.

By the age of 6.5 years, girls grow to 118 cm and weigh 21,200 grams. The lower limits at 6.5 years are 112.7 // 18.300, and the upper limits are 123.3 // weight 24.900.

Average height and weight for seven-year-old girls: 120.8 and 23,000. Lower limits: 115.3//21.300, upper limits: 126.3//26.300.

In children over seven years of age, anthropometric indicators are monitored once a year. The standards for eight-year-old girls are 126.6//25,000. The lower limit for eight-year-olds will be 120.8 and 21.400. The upper limit is 132.4//30,000.

Norms for nine-year-olds: 132.45//28.200. Lower limits: 132.5 and 27.900, upper limits – 138.6 // weight 34.000.

A ten-year-old girl should have an average height of 138.55 cm and a weight of 31,900 g. Data below 132.2//27.100 are assessed as low, and figures above 145//38.200 are assessed as high.

Norms of height and weight for a child at 3 months

By 3 months, the toddler gains approximately 800-900 grams of weight, and is approximately 2.5 - 3 cm tall. The head circumference increases by a centimeter and the chest diameter by 1 -1.5 cm.

The table shows the average development indicators for babies of different sexes at three months:

The dangers of being overweight

The ratio of height, weight and age is a very important parameter on which the health of a teenager depends. If he has been diagnosed with obesity of the first, second or third degree, then he should immediately consult a doctor.

Otherwise, the following negative consequences may occur:

• The development of chronic diabetes mellitus, which will be almost impossible to cure in the future.
• The appearance of pathologies in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
• General hormonal imbalance. The girl may notice that she has acne, hair begins to fall out and her skin color changes.
• Heavy weight is a very intense load on the heart. The risk of stroke or heart attack increases. If a person experiences shortness of breath after light physical activity (walking, climbing stairs, short jogging), then it’s time to see a doctor.
• The emergence of women's problems. If they are not identified in time, problems with the menstrual cycle will subsequently arise.

In addition, the excess weight of a teenage girl is also a psychological problem. Sooner or later she will develop complexes due to her obesity, and she will be subjected to ridicule from her peers.

Useful video about child development at 5 years old

List of sources:

• Baranov A.L. Assessing the health of children and adolescents during preventive examinations (a guide for doctors) / A.A. Baranov, V. R. Kuchma, L. M. Sukhareva. – M.: Publishing house. House “Dynasty”, 2004. – 168 p.
• Nagaeva E. V. Growth as a criterion of child health / Pediatrics / 2009 / Volume 87 / No. 3 – P 58-6
• Assessing the physical development of children and adolescents: a textbook / E.S. Bogomolov [and others]. – N. Novgorod: NGMA Publishing House, 2006. – 260 p.

Author
Oksana Belokur

Pediatrician

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Quetelet index

In the mid-19th century, the scientific statistician and sociologist Adolphe Quetelet created a formula that can be used to determine a person’s excess weight. The Quetelet Index (BMI) is a measure of a person's height and weight that helps determine the amount of excess or underweight.

To calculate your body mass index, you need to divide your weight by (height in meters * height in meters). It looks like this - weight kg: (height in m)2.

Example: 74 kg: (1.76*1.76)=23.88 – the resulting figure is Quetelet’s formula or body mass index.

Degrees of Quetelet mass index

1. Index up to 18.5 – lack of weight. There is no risk of obesity. Women may experience hormonal disorders, miscarriages, hypotension, and low hemoglobin.
2. Index 18.6 – 25 – normal weight. There is no risk of disease. There is no need to decrease or increase weight. Changes in weight may just be personal preference.
3. Index 25.1 – 30 – extra kg. There is a risk of gradual development of hypertension, varicose veins, and diabetes mellitus.
4. Index 30.1 – 35 – 1 degree of obesity. This disease is not only a lot of fat on the human body or a cosmetic defect. Starting from this degree of obesity, the cardiovascular system and brain vessels bear a double load. Sugar is not absorbed properly by the body, leading to diabetes.
5. Index 31.1 – 40 – 2nd degree of obesity. The need to take urgent action doubles. Arthrosis, arthritis, hypertension, strokes, heart attacks are the consequences of this disease.
6. Over 40.1 – 3rd degree of obesity. The huge possibility of dying from all of the above diseases increases significantly. There is an urgent need to take measures to reduce excess weight.

What are height and weight standards and how to relate to them

In order to draw conclusions about underweight or overweight, as well as about lagging or too rapid growth in each individual child, doctors need guidelines. Such guidelines are the standards defined by the World Health Organization. These standards were created on the basis of long-term observations of the anthropometric development of children and represent a kind of “corridor” from the lowest limits of height and weight to the highest. All children whose anthropometric data fall into this “corridor” are considered to be developing normally.

If height or weight indicators deviate slightly from the lowest or highest “corridor” values, then doctors pay special attention to such a child, more carefully monitor his development and watch for any alarming symptoms. If the height and weight data deviate significantly from the boundaries of the “corridor”, then such children are additionally examined

Parents who carefully monitor the health and development of their child should pay attention to whether their child’s data falls within the “corridor” of normal indicators and whether the height and weight indicators correlate with each other

Causes of excessive height in children

When assessing a child’s parameters, it is very important to pay attention to the ratio of height and weight. Adolescents with a body length above average and weight, accordingly, will exceed average norms. In addition, we must not forget about heredity. Tall parents tend to have tall children and vice versa. As for the pathological causes of too high growth, they can be as follows:

• Hyperthyroidism is a disease accompanied by excessive production of sex hormones.
• The onset of premature puberty under the influence of any provoking factors.
• Excessive synthesis of adrenal hormones and androgens.
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
• True gigantism.
• Syndromes – Marfin and Klinefelter.

Regular exercise can also influence this criterion. This applies to volleyball, basketball, handball.

One of the most common reasons for increased growth is the constitutional acceleration of body length in modern adolescents. In addition, such children develop rapidly at the mental level.

Weight standards and height standards for adolescents

​On what circumstances do the height parameters of adolescents and their weight depend?

All children develop individually. Both the height and weight of each child depend on many factors:

• genetic predisposition;
• individual characteristics of puberty;
• hormonal background;
• presence of chronic diseases;
• features of pregnancy and childbirth;
• living conditions: nutrition, lifestyle, psychological climate in the family;
• genetic diseases.

Monitoring the child’s development and its correlation with average indicators should be carried out regularly. Any significant deviation from the norms is a reason to contact specialists. The sooner the problem is identified and its cause is found, the sooner the child can be helped and the situation corrected.

​Height and weight tables for teenage children

Any averages are obtained based on statistics. This means that average height and weight data are relevant only for representatives of a certain genotype. The statute of limitations for such testimony is no more than 10 years. For ease of reference, all data obtained as a result of research is summarized in tables.

Height and weight chart for male teenagers. Height and weight indicators in the table are expressed in centimeters and kilograms.

Height and weight chart for female teenagers.

The figures given in the tables correspond to the average anthropometric data at a certain age. The height and weight of a child may not correspond to one cell of the table. Most teenagers gain centimeters and kilograms unevenly. For example, height at 12 years old may correspond to the norm, but weight may be more or less than it. When analyzing the data obtained, it is also necessary to take into account factors influencing the physical development of adolescents.

​The relationship between height, weight and volume in adolescence

The ratio of body weight and volume plays an important role for normal well-being.
It must be remembered that body weight and volume are not interchangeable concepts. We are talking about real violations of these indicators. Far-fetched problems of adolescence caused by subjective self-esteem require the help of a psychologist, and not weight adjustment. If a child's body weight is within the normal range, but his body looks obese, then he is obese. This problem can be easily solved by changing the nutrition system and replacing the lifestyle with a more active one.

Quite often there are teenagers whose rate of muscle mass development lags behind the gain of centimeters. This explains the lankyness and lack of coordination characteristic of adolescence. In most cases, these indicators return to normal over time. If the lack of muscles and body weight do not increase, parents should consult a specialist for advice and find the cause of this problem.

Separately, it is necessary to mention the increase in body volume in the abdominal area with normal body weight. This phenomenon is associated with insufficient development of the abdominal muscles and a passion for poor nutrition. Components of the solution to this problem:

• adjusting the system and power mode;
• refusal of harmful products;
• playing sports.

​Recommendations from experts for the proper physical development of boys and girls

• For the proper development of the youthful body, proper nutrition, regular physical activity and adequate sleep are necessary.
• Diets are contraindicated for teenagers. The exception is dietary restrictions on the recommendation of a specialist.
• The use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs is unacceptable.
• Physical development is an individual process. Children should not be guided in their development by classmates or friends.
• During the active growth stage, there may be a discrepancy between body weight and muscles and the child’s height. This is a natural process and does not require active action.

Mental and emotional development of a five-year-old child

Psychologically, five-year-olds mature a lot. They become even more independent. Their psyche is strengthened, therefore, with proper upbringing and a psychologically healthy atmosphere in the family, hysterics are a rare occurrence.

Children at the age of 5 are ready for dialogue; you can come to an agreement with them and convince them. Although they will definitely express their opinion.

A five-year-old child feels like an individual, so he improves his communication skills.

At this age, babies are still dependent on their parents. They need permission and approval from adults; they need help. Preschoolers are still emotional and impressionable; they can, of course, restrain their emotions, but they do this extremely rarely.

Five-year-olds have an increased need for communication. They are social, strive to communicate with people, regardless of their age. Preschoolers are extremely inquisitive, ask their parents about everything, and can ask the same questions several times.

What can he do?

We can talk about normal psycho-emotional development only when, at the age of 5, a child can do the following:

• maintains a dialogue, can speculate on a given topic, and is happy to share his impressions;
• pronounces sentences consisting of 5–6 words;
• has an extensive vocabulary that is growing every day;
• understands the essence of the question asked and answers it without difficulty;
• feels a sense of shame for bad deeds;
• can learn a rhyme;
• sings his favorite songs;
• counts from 1 to 10 and in reverse order, performs simple mathematical operations;
• knows colors, geometric shapes, letters;
• navigates the days of the week, seasons, months;
• concentrates attention on one subject for more than 5 minutes;
• knows his name, the names of his parents, the address where he lives;
• Can play group games, understands rules and follows them.

A child's vocabulary at 5 years old is about 3 thousand words.

How to develop

The development of a 5-year-old child should continue to take place in the form of play, since children respond better to it. It is important to prepare your hand for writing, to train your memory, attention, and perseverance.

On the Internet you can find many examples of educational toys for children 5 years old:

• Logic games. Find an extra object, continue a number series, solve a riddle, compare several objects, find a cause-and-effect relationship.
• Math problems. Count the cubes, put “+”, “-”, “>”, “<” or “=”.
• Preparing to write. Draw by dots, by squares, redraw letters, numbers, color pictures.
• Games for memory and attention. Learn a poem, a song, a counting rhyme, finish a sentence, find a number.
• Development of fine motor skills. Modeling, drawing, mosaic.
• Games for spatial perception. For example, place the cube to the left, to the right, above, below, above, below, etc.
• Role-playing games.

Teenage growth chart: height norms for girls and boys

Individual variants of development rates have a wide range associated with body features fixed genetically. When assessing the level of physical development, it is necessary to take into account the physical development of his parents. The formula for calculating the expected final height of a child depending on the height of the parents is presented below

Please note that the result error is +/- 6 centimeters

Formula for calculating the expected height of a child

As a result of anthropometric examinations of large groups of adolescents, standards and norms of physical development were determined. In the proposed tables, growth indicators are divided into levels, so-called “centiles”.

Growth chart for boys from 12 to 17 years old

Growth chart for girls from 12 to 17 years old

If your child's growth rate is within the green or blue zone - his height corresponds to the average height, the yellow zone indicates that growth is normal, but there is a tendency to lag or advance, this can be discussed at an appointment with the pediatrician. If the growth rate is in the red zone, this may be a sign of a disease, do not delay consulting an endocrinologist.

Physical activity

At the age of 5, children have well-developed coordination of movements, they are strong and resilient, so it’s time to think about visiting sports clubs. You can sign up your child for swimming, football, or dancing.

Five-Year Plans are constantly on the move. They run, jump, help their parents around the house, perform simple tasks, for example, they can wipe the dust, remove dirty plates from the table.

Children have self-care skills: brush their teeth, wash their hands, wash, dress and undress, fasten buttons and zippers. Know how to use all cutlery.

What can he do?

A 5 year old child should be able to:

• jump on one or two legs;
• throw and catch the ball;
• stand on one leg for at least 10 seconds;
• walk backwards;
• go up and down stairs;
• jump over obstacles, jump high on two legs;
• ride a four-wheel bike.

How to develop

For the development of a five-year-old child, you can purchase a gymnastic wall. It is worth giving preference to active recreation. In summer you can ride a bike, play football, volleyball, badminton, in winter you can skate, ski, and sleigh.

In addition to playing outdoors, you can practice at home. Perform simple sets of exercises to warm up all muscle groups. The duration of the lesson should not exceed 25 minutes. Repeat the exercises 2–5 times, alternating complex ones with simple ones.

Table for children under one year old

When measuring the size of a child, you need to understand that up to two years we are talking about the baby’s length - because he cannot walk or stand, after 3-4 - about height

Attention is drawn to many factors. Children's parameters by month during the first 12 months of life are studied by a health worker

It takes into account:

• baby's gender;
• physical characteristics at birth;
• heredity;
• previous illness (if any);
• presence of pathologies;
• social conditions;
• feeding (artificial or breastfeeding).

If prematurity or low birth weight occurs, the baby's height and weight chart will differ from normal children. A one-year-old baby gains a certain body weight in 12 months. The average weight indicator is 6-7 kilograms. The main increase occurs in the first 6 months of the baby’s life. The baby has a monthly gain of about 1 kg. With proper feeding, a low-weight newborn can “catch up” with children with normal body weight in 6 months. By the end of the 12th month, the baby weighs from 8 to 12 kg, height – 75-80 cm.

Parents should understand that the data given in the tables may differ by approximately 2-3 kilograms, a couple of centimeters in different directions. This will not be considered a violation of the norm. However, if there is improper nutrition, overfeeding, hormonal imbalance, or a change in daily routine, then the deviations will be significant. This is a serious reason to consult a pediatrician and undergo an examination to diagnose the correct disease.

Growth by month

The height and weight standards for children under one year of age are shown in the table (girls). The scale is indicated in centimeters (see table):

The physical characteristics of boys are higher than those of girls. Body length by month (in centimeters):

Weight by month

The normal body weight of a girl at 12 months of age varies between 8-10 kg. The standards are as follows (in kilograms):

Boys' body weight is greater than that of girls. Weight table by month (in kilograms):

Physical development

Children at 5 years old are still energetic and restless. It’s hard for them to sit still because there are so many interesting things around them.

The physical development of a 5-year-old child is at a high level. In many respects, preschoolers are closer to adults. They are strong, have good control of their body, and confidently maintain their balance. They differ from younger children in their efficiency and accuracy, so they fall less often and are injured.

Starting from the age of 5, children actively develop their musculoskeletal system. Limbs grow quickly, body proportions change, muscle mass is gained, and the curves of the spine are fully formed.

A 5-year-old child can easily overcome obstacles while running, quickly move up stairs, and jump on one leg over low objects, for example, over a curb. He can ride a bicycle, scooter, jump on a trampoline, or play with a ball for hours.

Normal weight and body proportions for women depending on body type

This classification turns out to be more realistic and constructive.

Type A

It is determined by determining the ratio of hip girth to chest volume. In this case, the indicator turns out to be greater than 1.05. The figure in the form of the letter A is a typical “pear” or “triangle”.

Women with this body type experience:

• thin waist;
• narrow shoulders and chest;
• Quite wide hips.

The feminine silhouette of a type A figure has been considered the standard of beauty since ancient times. Physical exercises for the hips and buttocks will help maintain the shape of such a body.

Type X

For girls and women, when dividing waist circumference by hip circumference, and then by chest circumference, the indicators are the same or less than 0.75 with an hourglass or type X body type. There is no height-to-weight ratio here. For such representatives of humanity, the top is approximately equal to the bottom.

Asthenics and normosthenics can afford an ideal hourglass-shaped body. But for this they will have to eat a balanced diet and properly exercise their abs and thighs.

Type O

An “apple” body type is an indicator greater than 0.75. With body type O, the legs are thin and long, and the torso is full and round. There is always a large belly in the waist area. Busty beauties with slender legs and sloping shoulders will have to constantly work out in gyms to maintain normal body type O proportions.

They need to deal with:

• press;
• breasts;
• back muscles.

Type H

The “rectangle” figure, when dividing the waist size by the bust size, has an indicator equal to or greater than 0.75. Body type H is equal in volume to the hips and chest. Graceful and stylish H-shaped figures also need to be carefully monitored: train the buttocks and shoulder girdle.

Type V

If dividing your bust size by your hip circumference results in a result of 1.05 or greater, your body type is an inverted triangle or V-type.

For women with this figure:

• large breasts;
• broad shoulders;
• narrow hips.

The natural silhouette of a V-shaped physique is also a kind of standard, and has been since ancient times. Dancing or cycling will help maintain the beauty of such a figure.

When to sound the alarm

It should be remembered that WHO figures for the lowest and highest points of height and weight are constantly updated. As time goes on, ideas about fashion and the appearance of a person in general change, and therefore the ratio of indicators will change.

For children of several months, the norms will depend mainly on the type of nutrition and heredity. There is a danger of overfeeding a baby up to one year old if you switch to mixed feeding for a baby up to one year old

The pediatrician, of course, will pay attention if the child is malnourished for several months, but the parents will have to solve the problem of supplementary feeding. When breastfeeding, it is better to express your own milk and feed the baby at several months than to take risks and switch to formula

Unlike children under one year old, teenage girls’ weight can fluctuate not only due to physiological reasons, but also under the influence of fashion. Most girls at this age are sure that they are too fat, and it becomes fashionable to go on a diet. Unfortunately, refusal to eat or incorrect menu construction threatens with anorexia - weight loss with irreversible processes in the body. Parents should pay closer attention to girls aged 10-11, 12-13, share knowledge with them, and have the most trusting relationships possible.

WHO standards are not a final verdict if the height or weight of your child at several months or at 11-13 years old does not correspond to them. However, this is another reason to think and a signal that something is wrong with the child. Based on WHO standards, it is possible to prevent the development of diseases that are not visible to the ordinary eye.

(5 ratings, average 2.6 out of 5)

Speech development in children 4 years old

At 4 years old, a child is actively improving phrasal speech; he can speak in sentences of 4 to 8 words. The baby's vocabulary is already about a thousand words. Nouns are used most often, verbs and adjectives are used a little less often. Also, usually at the age of 4 years, children already know how to coordinate parts of speech with each other (for example, a noun and an adjective) and correctly place stress, so their speech sounds more competent than that of younger children. However, complex lexical structures are difficult for four-year-olds, so they often avoid conjunctions “if,” “although,” “otherwise,” etc.

To keep your child’s vocabulary constantly expanding, read books to your child more often, play with him and just talk.

Speech development occurs actively, as children at this age strive to communicate with peers. They ask adults and each other questions, learn to listen and not interrupt the interlocutor. A 4-year-old child can talk about how his day went, share his impressions of a cartoon, or retell the plot of a fairy tale. At the same time, the baby’s intonations can be very diverse, and speech is supported by facial expressions and gestures.

If you notice speech impediments in your four-year-old child, it is recommended that you consult a speech therapist. The specialist will play sounds for the baby, work on articulation and give advice on how to help the child at home.

Factors influencing the height and weight of children

First of all, parents should monitor the physical changes occurring in their baby in order to understand whether everything is okay with him. To do this, mothers and fathers should know the norms for the physical level of boys and girls corresponding to each age.

Parents are always concerned about the physical parameters of their growing child, especially in comparison with other children. But you need to understand that you shouldn’t compare your baby with a taller one or try to overfeed your skinny daughter just because the neighbor’s girl of the same age looks more plump. The physical characteristics of a child depend on many factors.

Factors that influence the height and weight of children include:

• Floor.
• Weight and height at birth.
• Hereditary factor.
• The presence of congenital pathological diseases, a malfunction in the chromosome set.
• Nutrition.
• Social living conditions.

Boys are often taller and larger than girls. In most cases, short parents give birth to children who will never be tall.

It has been proven that a bottle-fed baby gains weight much faster than a baby whose mother feeds breast milk. This is evidenced by statistics provided by WHO. Moreover, it has been recorded that over the past 20 years, the growth and body weight standards of infants under one year of age have decreased by 15-20%. This is explained by the fact that recently most mothers prefer to feed their newborn baby naturally. In this regard, in 2006, the tables of standards for height and weight of children were adjusted to the development of modern children.

Tables of children's weight and height parameters developed by WHO are considered the most appropriate for determining the parameters of a child's physical development. After all, all the standards in the table have a convenient gradation for use, consisting of the following indicators: average, low or high, below or above average.

Physical development of a 4 year old child

By the age of four, children acquire the following motor skills:

• Confidently jump from a place and from a running start;
• Run, quickly changing direction;
• Stand on one leg;
• Climb a rope ladder;
• Overcome obstacles;
• Walk and stand on tiptoes;
• Tumble forward;
• Ride a scooter and a bicycle with side wheels.

A four-year-old child has fairly well-developed coordination and balance, making various types of physical activity more accessible to the child, such as dancing, gymnastics, and cycling.

conclusions

• From birth to 1 year: In addition to the well-known many health benefits, breastfeeding can also help prevent excessive weight gain. And although the exact mechanism has not yet been established, breastfed children more clearly sense their hunger and satiety, thus protecting themselves from overeating.
• From 1 year to 5 years: it is better to develop healthy habits from an early age. Help your child establish healthy eating habits by offering a variety of healthy foods. Encourage your child's natural tendency to be active and help him develop.
• Ages 6 to 12: Keep your child physically active every day. Let it be a sports section or outdoor games in the yard. Encourage activity at home - in everyday housework and in shared games and walks on weekends. Teach your child to choose useful and healthy foods, help him pack his own sandwiches for school.
• Ages 13 to 18: Teens often gravitate towards fast food, but try to encourage them to eat healthier options. For example, with baked chicken sandwiches, salads and smaller portions. Teach them how to prepare delicious healthy food and treats at home. Help them maintain physical activity every day.
• All ages: Reduce the amount of time your child spends watching TV, computers, and playing video games. Fight your child's habit of eating while looking at the TV or computer monitor. Try to prepare and offer your child a variety of healthy foods. Try to have breakfast, lunch and dinner with your child together. Encourage children to eat fruits and vegetables at least five times a day, limit sugary drinks and never skip breakfast.