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General urine analysis (with sediment microscopy)

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment.
In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should contact your doctor. We remind you that independent interpretation of the results is unacceptable; the information below is for reference only.
General urine analysis (with sediment microscopy): indications for use, rules for preparing for the test, interpretation of the results and normal indicators. Indications for the purpose of the study
A general urine test refers to routine laboratory tests aimed primarily at screening for diseases of the urinary system, since pathological processes in the kidneys and urinary tract affect the properties of urine.

With this simple diagnostic test, infectious and inflammatory diseases such as glomerulonephritis

(inflammation of the renal glomeruli),
pyelonephritis
(inflammation of the renal pelvis),
cystitis
(inflammation of the bladder).

Microscopy of urine sediment allows one to suspect injury or infarction of the kidney, urolithiasis, some neoplasms, renal amyloidosis (a systemic disease in which a specific insoluble protein is deposited in the kidneys, which impairs the functioning of the organ).

In addition to diagnosing kidney and urinary tract diseases, the results of a general urine test with sediment microscopy can provide information about your general health.

Urine is formed as a result of ultrafiltration of blood plasma through the glomeruli of the kidneys. With the development of various diseases, pathological metabolic products enter the blood and are excreted from the body, including through the kidneys.

Preparation for the procedure

Preparation for a general urine test begins the day before the collection of biomaterial. Certain foods, the amount of fluid you drink, taking medications and dietary supplements, and intense physical activity can distort the results of the study.

The day before collecting urine, you should avoid foods that can affect the color of your urine: for example, beets and blueberries give your urine a reddish tint; consuming large amounts of carrots or carotene supplements may change the color of your urine to orange.

On the eve of urine collection, it is not recommended to drink alcohol, coffee, dietary supplements or strong tea. If possible, you should limit your intake of diuretics (diuretics). It is necessary to exclude serious physical activity, as well as visiting a bathhouse or sauna.

Women during menstruation are not recommended to donate urine for testing, since even a small amount of blood will significantly distort the test result.

You should warn your doctor about the medications you are taking, as well as about invasive examinations (for example, cystoscopy) on the eve of the test.

Method of collecting urine for general analysis

1. It is necessary to prepare in advance a disposable sterile container for collecting urine (can be purchased at a pharmacy or taken from the INVITRO medical office).
2. Before collecting urine, hygienic treatment of the external genitalia should be carried out, without using antibacterial and disinfectants.
   For children, you need to adhere to the following rules: girls are washed from front to back (from the pubis to the tailbone) so that bacteria that populate the intestines do not enter the urinary tract. Only wash the skin with soap, since contact with mucous membranes causes irritation, dryness and itching. In boys, the glans penis is fused with the foreskin (physiological phimosis), so it is not recommended to forcefully open the glans penis, as this leads to trauma to the delicate tissue. You just need to slightly pull the skin and rinse with water, but it is unacceptable to direct a stream of water into the opening of the urethra.
3. For general analysis, as a rule, the first morning urine sample is collected. First, release a small amount of urine into the toilet, then, without interrupting urination, place a container and collect approximately 50 ml of urine. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the container does not touch the skin and mucous membranes.
4. After collecting urine, close the container tightly with a screw cap.
5. Special urinals have been developed for newborns and infants. You should not use urine squeezed out of a diaper or diaper - the results will be unreliable, since the diaper is a kind of filter for microscopic elements of urine, which are counted during the study.
6. When taking the test during the day, it is not recommended to drink large amounts of water, tea, coffee or diuretics to stimulate urination.

The turnaround time for a general urine test is usually 1 business day. What may affect the results
Factors that may distort the results of the study:

1. Violation of hygiene procedures and urine collection techniques.
2. Drinking large or small amounts of water.
3. Consuming foods, medications, or dietary supplements that change the color of urine.
4. Menstruation.
5. High blood pressure.
6. Intense physical and psycho-emotional stress on the eve of urine collection.
7. Visiting a bathhouse, sauna, hypothermia.
8. Carrying out invasive procedures on the urinary tract a week before the test.

take a general urine test
at the nearest INVITRO medical office. A list of offices where biomaterial is accepted for laboratory research is presented in the “Addresses” section.

Urine examination includes the study of physical and chemical properties, as well as microscopy of sediment.

Physical properties: quantity, color, odor, transparency, relative density (specific gravity), urine reaction (pH).

Chemical properties: determination of protein, glucose, ketone bodies, urobilinogen, bilirubin, hemoglobin, nitrites, leukocyte esterase.

Microscopy: identification of erythrocytes, leukocytes, cells of flat, transitional and renal epithelium, cylinders, crystals, mucus, bacteria, fungi.

Normal indicators

Interpretation of indicators
It should be remembered that a general urine test is a screening test, so its results can be used when prescribing other laboratory and instrumental examinations to clarify the diagnosis.

Urine color

depends on the concentration of substances dissolved in it and ranges from transparent to amber-yellow.

Under normal conditions, urine is colored by products of pigment metabolism (in particular, bilirubin): urochromes, urobilinoids and other substances. When the level of bilirubin in the blood increases, more of it enters the urine and gives it a rich brownish or even greenish-brown color. When erythrocytes (red blood cells), myoglobin (the main protein of muscle tissue) or hemoglobin (the protein contained in red blood cells) enter the urine, its color changes to brownish-red and takes on the appearance of “meat slop.” Taking vitamins and nitrofuran drugs can give urine a lemon-yellow to orange color. When there are a large number of leukocytes (white blood cells), the urine becomes milky in color (a condition called pyuria).

Transparency.

Under normal conditions, urine is clear. Its cloudiness can be caused by the presence of salts, crystals, cellular elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes).

Smell

. Normally, urine has a weak, non-specific odor. The appearance of an ammonia odor may be a sign of a bacterial infection; a peculiar fruity odor (“rotting apples”) appears with an increase in the concentration of ketone bodies (which most often indicates diabetes mellitus - a disorder of glucose metabolism).

Relative density of urine

, or specific gravity, is determined using a urometer. The relative density of urine gives an idea of ​​the concentrating ability of the kidneys and the dilution function, which are reduced, like the relative density of urine, in renal failure.

Urine reaction (pH)

- a pH value that reflects the ability of the kidneys to maintain the acid-base balance of the body. The kidneys are involved in the excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonates, maintaining a constant blood pH. The pH value of urine is greatly influenced by diet, metabolic characteristics, infectious and inflammatory processes in the kidneys and urinary tract.

Protein

in urine is a significant marker in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys, urinary tract and cardiovascular system; it is also important in the diagnosis of gestosis, a severe complication of pregnancy. The appearance of protein in the urine is called proteinuria. Normally, urine does not contain protein because the kidney filter prevents the release of protein molecules from the blood into the urine. There are several causes of proteinuria.

1. Prerenal causes: intense physical and psycho-emotional stress, heart failure, hypertension, fever, gestosis during pregnancy, nephroptosis, forced prolonged standing (often with hairdressers, surgeons, military personnel), injuries, disturbance of the protein composition of blood plasma.
2. Renal causes: glomerular damage (glomerulonephritis and glomerulopathy), tubular damage, nephrosclerosis.
3. Postrenal causes: infectious and inflammatory processes in the urinary tract, neoplasms.

Urine glucose.
The appearance of glucose in the urine depends on its concentration in the blood. Normally, glucose is completely reabsorbed from primary urine into the bloodstream if its concentration in the blood has not reached the “renal threshold” - 8.8-10.0 mmol/l. An increase in the level of glucose in the urine is possible due to a number of physiological reasons: errors in the diet (abuse of sweet foods, especially on the eve of collecting biomaterial), prolonged fasting, stress.

The appearance of glucose in the urine serves as a signal indicating pathology of the kidneys, endocrine system, side effects of drugs, poisoning, and complicated pregnancy.

Ketone bodies

are a non-specific indicator. The appearance of an increased amount of ketone bodies in the urine is the result of accelerated fat metabolism or decreased carbohydrate metabolism. Most often, an increase in their level is observed during fasting, fever, vomiting, alcohol intoxication and diabetes mellitus.

Urobilinogen

in urine increases in diseases of the intestines, liver, and hemolytic conditions (destruction of red blood cells).

Bilirubin

appears in the urine in case of liver pathologies, infectious diseases and pigment metabolism disorders.

Hemoglobin

is determined by a large number of red blood cells in the urine, with myositis, extensive injuries to muscle tissue, and thrombosis of muscle vessels.

Nitrites

detected in urine when pathogenic microflora is activated in the urinary system.

Increased red blood cell

observed in the following cases:

1. Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract of infectious and non-infectious origin (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, nephritis, cystitis, prostatitis, tuberculosis).
2. Urolithiasis disease.
3. Traumatic damage to the kidneys and urinary tract.
4. Fever.
5. Arterial hypertension with involvement of the renal vessels.
6. Various blood coagulation disorders (hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, overdose of anticoagulants).
7. Poisoning with benzene derivatives, aniline, snake venom, poisonous mushrooms, with intolerance to anticoagulant therapy.
8. Tumor diseases of the genitourinary system.

The presence of leukocytes
in an amount of more than five cells in the field of view is noted in the following cases:

1. Inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract of infectious and non-infectious nature (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, cystitis, urethritis, tuberculosis).
2. Urolithiasis disease.
3. Renal transplant rejection.
4. Systemic inflammatory diseases of non-infectious etiology (nephritis with systemic lupus erythematosus).

Epithelium
. There are cells of squamous, transitional and renal epithelium. A large amount of epithelium indicates increased desquamation of cells of the mucous membrane of the urinary tract when they are traumatized (by a stone, during an inflammatory process).

Cylinders

are formed in the tubules of the kidneys and allow us to determine the level of their damage. Most often found in glomerulonephritis.

Crystals

are detected in the sediment of salts at a certain pH of urine. Most often (though not always) found in patients with urolithiasis.

Slime

Normally, it can be found in urinary sediment in small quantities. An increase in mucus content may be associated both with an inflammatory process in the urinary tract and with errors made when collecting urine for research.

Bacteria and fungi

Normally they are not found in urinary sediment. Their presence indicates the presence of an infectious process in the kidneys and urinary tract or errors made during the collection of biomaterial for research.

If the general urine analysis indicators deviate from the norm, the following instrumental examinations and laboratory tests may be additionally prescribed:

1. Comprehensive ultrasound of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder).

1. Comprehensive ultrasound of the abdominal organs (liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen) for suspected diseases of the liver, gall bladder, etc.

1. Study of biochemical blood test parameters (total protein, protein fractions, C-reactive protein, ALT, AST, LDH, GGT, total and direct bilirubin, cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, electrolytes: potassium, sodium, chlorine, calcium).

1. Determination of fasting blood glucose, conducting an oral glucose tolerance test, studying the level of glycated hemoglobin for diagnosing diabetes mellitus.

1. Urine culture for microflora and determination of sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs.

1. Urine culture for microflora and determination of sensitivity to an extended range of antimicrobial drugs.

If the indicators of a general urine test change, you may need to consult a pediatrician or general practitioner, as well as a nephrologist.
Sources:

1. Pediatric nephrology: Textbook / ed. P.V. Shumilova, E.K. Petrosyan, O.L. Chugunova. – M.: MEDpress-inform, 2021. – 616 p.: ill.
2. Grebenev A.L. Propaedeutics of internal diseases: Textbook. – 5th ed., revised. and additional – M.: Medicine, 2001. – 592 p.: ill.
3. Danilova L.A. Tests of blood, urine and other biological fluids at different age periods. – St. Petersburg: SpetsLit, 2014. – 111 p.
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IMPORTANT!

The information in this section cannot be used for self-diagnosis and self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, diagnostic tests should be prescribed only by the attending physician. To make a diagnosis and properly prescribe treatment, you should contact your doctor.

The norm of leukocytes in the urine of a child

The number of leukocytes in a child’s urine is determined under a microscope. The result is the number of cells in the field of view in the urine sediment.

Normal values ​​vary depending on gender.

• For boys, the norm is up to 5-7 leukocytes
• For girls the norm is up to 8-10

Ideally, the number of cells in the urine should be close to zero. A complete absence may be observed when the child eats protein foods or foods rich in vitamin C on the eve of the test.

Detection of an increased number of leukocytes in a child’s urine may indicate a violation of the rules for taking the test. Or this happens if the day before the test the child experienced excessive physical activity - this factor increases the number of leukocytes. But if everything was done correctly, and the child did not overexert himself in outdoor games the day before, then there are definitely problems.